Overcoming Strategic Challenges: The World Health Organization’s Response to Global Health Issues

The World Health Organization (WHO) is the leading international agency responsible for promoting health, keeping the world safe, and serving the vulnerable. However, despite its vital role in global health, the WHO faces numerous challenges in achieving its goals. From managing complex health emergencies to navigating political and financial hurdles, the WHO must constantly adapt and innovate to overcome these obstacles and make a meaningful impact on public health. In this presentation, we will explore the strategic challenges faced by the WHO and the organization’s response to these issues. We will examine the key factors that contribute to the WHO’s successes and failures, and we will consider the future of global health governance in the face of emerging health crises. By understanding the challenges faced by the WHO, we can gain insight into the importance of international cooperation and the need for effective global health policies.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and Its Role in Global Health

History and Structure of the WHO

Establishment and Purpose

The World Health Organization (WHO) was founded in 1948 as a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the primary purpose of promoting health, keeping the world safe, and serving the vulnerable. Its headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland, and it currently has 194 member states.

Governance and Funding

The WHO operates through its member states, which are represented by governments. The organization is funded primarily through contributions from member states, as well as private donors and partnerships with international organizations.

Key Functions and Programs

The WHO is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards for health, and articulating evidence-based policy options. Some of its key programs include:

• Global Polio Eradication Initiative
• Expanded Program on Immunization
• Global Vaccine Alliance
• Global Tobacco Control Program
• Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal

Regional Offices and Partnerships

The WHO operates through six regional offices, which are responsible for implementing programs and providing technical support to member states. The organization also collaborates with a wide range of partners, including international organizations, governments, NGOs, and the private sector, to achieve its goals.

Challenges and Criticisms

Despite its achievements, the WHO has faced numerous challenges and criticisms over the years. These include funding shortages, political interference, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and the difficulty of coordinating efforts across multiple countries and stakeholders.

In response to these challenges, the organization has implemented various reforms and strategies to improve its effectiveness and efficiency, including strengthening its governance structures, enhancing its partnerships with member states and other stakeholders, and promoting transparency and accountability.

Mandate and Priorities of the WHO

The Constitution of the World Health Organization

The Constitution of the World Health Organization, adopted in 1946, defines the organization’s objectives and principles. It sets out the fundamental mission of the WHO, which is to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable. The Constitution also establishes the organization’s role as a coordinating authority on international health matters, responsible for providing leadership on global health matters and shaping the health agenda of the United Nations.

The WHO’s 13 General Programme of Work

The WHO’s 13th General Programme of Work, adopted in 2018, outlines the organization’s priorities and goals for the next five years. The programme is structured around six key areas:

1. Health Systems: Strengthening health systems to ensure that everyone can access the health services they need.
2. Noncommunicable and Communicable Diseases: Addressing the major causes of death and disability worldwide, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
3. Mental Health: Promoting mental health and well-being, and reducing the stigma associated with mental illness.
4. Environmental Determinants of Health: Protecting people from environmental risks and promoting environmental sustainability.
5. Health and the SDGs: Supporting countries in achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
6. Innovation and Intellectual Property: Fostering innovation and intellectual property rights to promote health and well-being.

Key Mandates of the WHO

The WHO’s mandate includes several key responsibilities:

1. Providing Leadership on Global Health Matters: The WHO is responsible for shaping the global health agenda and providing leadership on health matters at the international level.
2. Coordinating International Action on Health Issues: The organization coordinates international action on health issues, working closely with member states, international organizations, and other stakeholders.
3. Conducting Research and Providing Evidence-Based Policy Recommendations: The WHO conducts research and provides evidence-based policy recommendations to promote health and well-being worldwide.
4. Providing Technical Assistance and Capacity Building: The organization provides technical assistance and capacity building support to member states, helping them to strengthen their health systems and improve health outcomes.
5. Promoting Health and Well-Being through Health Education and Awareness: The WHO promotes health education and awareness, working to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness and promoting healthy lifestyles.

By fulfilling these mandates, the WHO plays a critical role in addressing global health challenges and promoting health and well-being worldwide.

Strategic Challenges Faced by the WHO

Funding and Resource Allocation

The World Health Organization (WHO) faces significant challenges in funding and resource allocation when responding to global health issues.

One of the main challenges is the lack of consistent and sustainable funding from member states.

• The WHO relies on contributions from its 194 member states to fund its operations, but the amount and consistency of these contributions vary greatly.
• Some member states, particularly those with stronger economies, contribute more than others, leading to an uneven distribution of resources.
• This can hinder the WHO’s ability to respond effectively to global health issues, as it may not have the necessary funds to implement programs and initiatives in all countries equally.

Another challenge is the allocation of resources to the most pressing health issues.

• The WHO must prioritize which health issues to focus on, as it cannot address all health issues simultaneously.
• Deciding which issues to prioritize can be difficult, as different countries may have different health needs and priorities.
• The WHO must also consider the potential impact and feasibility of addressing a particular health issue, as well as the availability of resources.

Additionally, the WHO must also manage the allocation of resources within countries.

• The WHO works with member states to allocate resources within their own countries, but the distribution of resources within a country can be uneven.
• This can lead to disparities in health outcomes between different regions or populations within a country, and can hinder the WHO’s ability to address health issues effectively.
• The WHO must work with member states to ensure that resources are allocated equitably and efficiently within countries, in order to address health issues in a comprehensive and sustainable manner.

Political and Diplomatic Tensions

The World Health Organization (WHO) faces various strategic challenges in addressing global health issues. One of the most significant challenges is the political and diplomatic tensions that arise between member states. These tensions can hinder the organization’s ability to respond effectively to health crises and implement policies that promote global health.

The political and diplomatic tensions that the WHO faces are often rooted in the organization’s complex structure and decision-making processes. The WHO is made up of 194 member states, each with its own interests and priorities. This diversity of perspectives can lead to disagreements and negotiations over issues such as funding, policy decisions, and resource allocation.

In addition to member state tensions, the WHO also faces challenges related to diplomacy and negotiations with non-state actors such as private companies, NGOs, and philanthropic organizations. These actors often have competing interests and can influence the organization’s decisions and priorities.

Another factor that contributes to political and diplomatic tensions is the increasing global power dynamics. The rise of emerging economies and the shifting balance of power among member states can lead to conflicts and negotiations over issues such as funding and decision-making power.

Overall, the political and diplomatic tensions that the WHO faces can have significant consequences for the organization’s ability to respond to global health issues. These tensions can slow down decision-making processes, hinder collaboration, and divert resources away from critical health initiatives.

However, the WHO has developed various strategies to overcome these challenges. For example, the organization has established mechanisms for member states to work together and collaborate on health issues. Additionally, the WHO has developed partnerships with non-state actors to leverage their expertise and resources in addressing global health challenges.

Despite these efforts, the political and diplomatic tensions that the WHO faces remain a significant challenge to its ability to effectively respond to global health issues. It is essential for the organization to continue to navigate these tensions and find ways to collaborate and work towards shared goals.

Evolving Health Issues and Emerging Threats

Increasing Complexity of Global Health Issues

The World Health Organization (WHO) faces a growing number of complex health challenges that demand attention and resources. The organization’s primary goal is to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable. However, as the global health landscape evolves, so do the challenges that the WHO must address. Some of the most pressing issues include:

1. Pandemics and Epidemics: The emergence of SARS, Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19 pandemics have demonstrated the potential for infectious diseases to spread rapidly across borders, threatening global health security. These outbreaks highlight the need for effective surveillance, early detection, and rapid response mechanisms.
2. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): NCDs, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, are responsible for over 70% of deaths globally. These diseases disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries, posing a significant challenge to health systems in these regions.
3. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, rendering many treatments ineffective. AMR threatens progress in infectious disease control and endangers vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly.
4. Health Inequalities: Disparities in health outcomes persist within and between countries, reflecting social, economic, and environmental factors. Reducing health inequalities requires addressing the root causes, such as poverty, discrimination, and lack of access to essential services.
5. Climate Change: Climate change is expected to exacerbate existing health problems and create new ones, such as heat-related illnesses, malnutrition, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. Addressing climate change is critical to protecting global health.

In order to address these evolving health issues and emerging threats, the WHO must continuously adapt its strategies and engage in multisectoral collaboration. The organization works closely with member states, international organizations, and other stakeholders to develop evidence-based policies and implement effective interventions.

The WHO’s Response to Strategic Challenges

Strengthening Health Systems and Capacities

Enhancing Primary Health Care Services

One of the key strategies employed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to strengthen health systems and capacities is by enhancing primary health care services. This involves promoting accessible and affordable health care services for individuals and communities, particularly those in low-resource settings. The WHO works closely with member states and partners to strengthen health systems through initiatives such as the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) and the Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illnesses (IMAI) programs. These programs aim to improve the quality of primary health care services, particularly in areas with limited resources.

Supporting Health Workforce Development

Another important aspect of strengthening health systems and capacities is the development of a competent and motivated health workforce. The WHO works to improve the recruitment, retention, and training of health professionals, particularly in areas with a shortage of health workers. This includes initiatives such as the Human Resources for Health Program, which aims to improve the planning and management of human resources for health at the national and international levels. The program also supports the development of educational and training programs for health professionals, with a focus on improving the quality of care and patient outcomes.

Improving Health Information Systems

The WHO also works to improve health information systems as a means of strengthening health systems and capacities. This involves supporting the development of robust and reliable data collection and analysis systems, particularly in low-resource settings. The WHO provides technical assistance and training to member states to strengthen their health information systems, with a focus on improving data quality, timeliness, and availability. This helps to inform policy and program decisions, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health services, and enhance overall health system performance.

Strengthening Health Governance and Leadership

Finally, the WHO works to strengthen health governance and leadership as a means of improving health system performance. This involves supporting the development of effective and accountable health management systems, with a focus on promoting transparency, integrity, and ethical behavior. The WHO provides technical assistance and training to member states to strengthen health governance and leadership, with a focus on improving the management of health resources, promoting collaboration and coordination, and enhancing the overall effectiveness of health systems. This helps to ensure that health services are responsive to the needs of communities, and that they are accountable to the people they serve.

Building Partnerships and Collaborations

In order to effectively address global health challenges, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized the importance of building partnerships and collaborations with various stakeholders. This approach enables the WHO to leverage the expertise, resources, and networks of its partners to achieve its goals and improve global health outcomes. The following are some key aspects of the WHO’s efforts to build partnerships and collaborations:

• Multi-stakeholder engagement: The WHO actively engages with a wide range of stakeholders, including governments, international organizations, civil society organizations, academic institutions, and the private sector. By fostering collaboration among these diverse groups, the WHO can harness the collective knowledge and resources needed to tackle complex health challenges.
• Technical assistance and capacity building: The WHO works with partner organizations to provide technical assistance and capacity building support to countries in need. This may involve sharing best practices, providing training and education, and helping to strengthen health systems and infrastructure. By supporting the development of local capacity, the WHO aims to empower countries to address their own health challenges more effectively.
• Joint initiatives and programs: The WHO collaborates with partners on joint initiatives and programs that address specific health issues or priorities. These initiatives often involve pooling resources, expertise, and funding to achieve shared goals. For example, the WHO has partnered with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria on various projects aimed at improving child health and combating infectious diseases.
• Research and innovation: The WHO works with partners to advance research and innovation in health. This includes supporting the development of new technologies, medicines, and vaccines, as well as promoting evidence-based policies and practices. By fostering a culture of innovation, the WHO can help drive progress in global health and improve the lives of people around the world.

Overall, the WHO’s approach to building partnerships and collaborations reflects its recognition of the complexity and interconnectedness of global health challenges. By working together with a diverse range of stakeholders, the WHO can leverage the collective knowledge, resources, and expertise needed to overcome these challenges and improve health outcomes for all.

Advocating for Evidence-Based Policies and Practices

In order to overcome strategic challenges, the World Health Organization (WHO) has taken a proactive approach to advocating for evidence-based policies and practices. This approach involves promoting the use of scientific evidence in decision-making processes, as well as encouraging the development and implementation of policies and practices that are based on the best available evidence.

The WHO recognizes that the implementation of evidence-based policies and practices is crucial to achieving its goal of improving global health. In order to achieve this goal, the WHO has taken a number of steps to promote the use of scientific evidence in decision-making processes. These steps include:

• Conducting research and evaluations to identify effective policies and practices
• Providing technical assistance and support to countries to help them implement evidence-based policies and practices
• Facilitating the sharing of knowledge and best practices among countries
• Promoting the use of evidence-based policies and practices through advocacy and awareness-raising campaigns

The WHO has also recognized the importance of engaging with a wide range of stakeholders in order to promote the use of evidence-based policies and practices. This includes engaging with governments, civil society organizations, academic institutions, and the private sector.

By advocating for evidence-based policies and practices, the WHO is working to ensure that decisions about global health are based on the best available evidence. This approach will help to ensure that resources are used effectively and that the needs of vulnerable populations are addressed.

Overall, the WHO’s approach to advocating for evidence-based policies and practices is an important step in addressing the strategic challenges faced by the organization in its efforts to improve global health. By promoting the use of scientific evidence in decision-making processes, the WHO is working to ensure that resources are used effectively and that the needs of vulnerable populations are addressed.

Addressing Health Inequities and Social Determinants of Health

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized that health inequities and social determinants of health are significant challenges that must be addressed to achieve global health goals. The organization has developed a number of strategies to address these challenges, including:

• Developing evidence-based policies and programs: The WHO works with governments and other partners to develop evidence-based policies and programs that address the social determinants of health, such as poverty, education, and housing. These policies and programs aim to reduce health inequities by improving access to healthcare and reducing exposure to environmental hazards.
• Building capacity for social determinants of health research: The WHO supports research on the social determinants of health and works to build capacity in low- and middle-income countries to conduct this research. This research is critical for identifying the most effective interventions to reduce health inequities and for monitoring progress towards global health goals.
• Promoting social justice and human rights: The WHO recognizes that health inequities are often rooted in social injustice and human rights violations. The organization works to promote social justice and human rights, including the right to health, as key components of its mission to improve global health.
• Advocating for policy change: The WHO advocates for policy change at the national and international levels to address health inequities and social determinants of health. This includes advocating for policies that reduce poverty, improve access to education and employment, and protect the environment.

Overall, the WHO’s response to health inequities and social determinants of health is multifaceted and includes a range of strategies aimed at reducing health inequities and improving access to healthcare for all people.

Enhancing Crisis Preparedness and Response

In order to effectively address global health issues, the World Health Organization (WHO) has implemented a number of strategies aimed at enhancing crisis preparedness and response. One such strategy involves the development of the WHO Health Emergency Operations Centre (HEOC), which serves as a hub for emergency management and coordination.

The HEOC plays a crucial role in enhancing crisis preparedness and response by providing real-time monitoring of global health events, as well as facilitating the deployment of emergency medical teams and supplies to affected areas. Additionally, the HEOC works to improve communication and coordination between countries, international organizations, and other stakeholders in the event of a health crisis.

Another key strategy for enhancing crisis preparedness and response involves the establishment of the WHO International Health Regulations (IHR), which provide a framework for global health emergency preparedness and response. The IHR set outs specific measures for countries to prepare for and respond to health emergencies, including the development of national emergency plans and the sharing of information and resources with other countries.

Furthermore, the WHO has also invested in the development of early warning and surveillance systems, which allow for the rapid detection and response to potential health crises. These systems rely on the collection and analysis of data from a variety of sources, including health care providers, hospitals, and laboratories, to identify potential outbreaks and other health emergencies.

Overall, the WHO’s efforts to enhance crisis preparedness and response have been instrumental in helping to mitigate the impact of global health issues, and will continue to play a critical role in the organization’s ongoing efforts to improve global health outcomes.

The Future of the WHO and Global Health

Ongoing and Emerging Challenges

The World Health Organization (WHO) has faced ongoing and emerging challenges in its efforts to address global health issues. These challenges have been both internal and external, and have affected the organization’s ability to respond effectively to public health crises.

Internal Challenges

One of the ongoing challenges facing the WHO is the need to reform its internal structures and processes. This includes improving the organization’s transparency and accountability, as well as strengthening its ability to coordinate and collaborate with other international organizations. The WHO has recognized the need for reform and has taken steps to address these challenges, including the establishment of a new department dedicated to strengthening the organization’s governance and management.

External Challenges

The WHO also faces a number of external challenges, including the growing complexity of global health issues and the increasing number of actors involved in addressing these issues. This has led to a need for greater coordination and collaboration among international organizations, as well as a need for increased resources to support the WHO’s work.

Another challenge facing the WHO is the rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are becoming an increasingly significant threat to global health. These diseases, which include cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, are responsible for a significant proportion of deaths worldwide, and are often linked to lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity. The WHO has recognized the need to address NCDs and has developed a number of initiatives aimed at reducing their impact on global health.

Emerging Challenges

In addition to these ongoing challenges, the WHO also faces a number of emerging challenges that are likely to have a significant impact on its work in the coming years. These include the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance, which is making it increasingly difficult to treat infections, and the rising burden of mental health disorders, which are often stigmatized and under-resourced in many countries.

The WHO has recognized the need to address these emerging challenges and has developed a number of initiatives aimed at improving its ability to respond to them. These include the development of new tools and technologies to support the diagnosis and treatment of antimicrobial resistance, as well as the development of new guidelines and resources to support the identification and treatment of mental health disorders.

Overall, the WHO faces a number of ongoing and emerging challenges in its efforts to address global health issues. These challenges are complex and multifaceted, and will require a coordinated and collaborative response from the international community if they are to be effectively addressed.

Opportunities for Innovation and Change

Leveraging Technological Advancements

One opportunity for innovation and change is the leveraging of technological advancements to improve global health outcomes. The WHO can collaborate with technology companies and research institutions to develop and implement innovative solutions to pressing health challenges. For example, the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms can help predict and respond to outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. Additionally, the use of telemedicine and remote monitoring technologies can improve access to healthcare services, particularly in underserved and remote communities.

Emphasizing Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health

Another opportunity for innovation and change is to emphasize health equity and social determinants of health in the WHO’s global health agenda. This involves recognizing that health outcomes are not only determined by individual behavior and lifestyle factors, but also by social, economic, and environmental factors. By addressing the root causes of health disparities, such as poverty, discrimination, and environmental degradation, the WHO can help promote health equity and reduce health inequalities globally. This may involve collaborating with other United Nations agencies, civil society organizations, and governments to develop and implement policies and programs that address the social determinants of health.

Encouraging Multisectoral Collaboration

A third opportunity for innovation and change is to encourage multisectoral collaboration in global health efforts. The WHO can work with a wide range of stakeholders, including governments, civil society organizations, the private sector, and academic institutions, to develop and implement comprehensive and sustainable solutions to global health challenges. This may involve fostering partnerships between sectors, such as public-private partnerships to develop new vaccines or medicines, or collaborations between health and environmental organizations to address the environmental factors that contribute to health outcomes.

Promoting Evidence-Based Decision Making

Finally, the WHO can promote evidence-based decision making in global health efforts. This involves using the best available evidence to inform policy and programmatic decisions, as well as supporting research and evaluation to generate new evidence. By promoting evidence-based decision making, the WHO can help ensure that global health resources are used effectively and efficiently, and that interventions are based on the most current and accurate information available. This may involve developing new data collection and analysis tools, supporting research and evaluation capacity building in low- and middle-income countries, and promoting transparency and accountability in global health decision making.

The Importance of a Coordinated and Comprehensive Approach to Global Health

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been instrumental in addressing global health issues, and it is essential to recognize the importance of a coordinated and comprehensive approach to addressing these challenges. The following points highlight the reasons why a coordinated and comprehensive approach is crucial for global health:

• Addressing Complex Health Issues: Global health issues are complex and require a coordinated and comprehensive approach to address them effectively. For example, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and COVID-19 require a multifaceted approach that involves surveillance, detection, prevention, and treatment.
• Ensuring Equitable Access to Health Services: A coordinated and comprehensive approach ensures that all people, regardless of their socioeconomic status, have access to essential health services. This includes access to vaccines, medicines, and healthcare facilities.
• Promoting Collaboration and Partnerships: A coordinated and comprehensive approach promotes collaboration and partnerships among stakeholders, including governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector. This collaboration is crucial for addressing global health challenges, as it allows for the sharing of resources, expertise, and best practices.
• Ensuring Sustainability: A coordinated and comprehensive approach ensures that global health initiatives are sustainable and have long-term impacts. This involves building capacity, strengthening health systems, and promoting healthy behaviors and lifestyles.

In conclusion, a coordinated and comprehensive approach is essential for addressing global health challenges. The WHO plays a critical role in coordinating and implementing this approach, and it is crucial that it continues to do so in the future.

FAQs

1. What is the World Health Organization (WHO)?

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is responsible for promoting health, keeping the world safe, and serving the vulnerable. It was established on April 7, 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is committed to providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards for health, and articulating evidence-based policy options.

2. What are the challenges faced by the WHO?

The WHO faces several challenges in its efforts to address global health issues. Some of the main challenges include:
* Limited resources: The WHO has a limited budget and relies on voluntary contributions from member states, which can lead to funding shortages. This can limit the organization’s ability to respond to health crises and implement long-term programs.
* Political interference: The WHO is a global organization, and as such, it is subject to political interference from member states. This can create tensions and undermine the organization’s ability to fulfill its mandate.
* Emerging health threats: The WHO must constantly adapt to new and emerging health threats, such as pandemics and antimicrobial resistance. This requires a high level of flexibility and the ability to quickly mobilize resources.
* Access to information: The WHO relies on accurate and timely information to make informed decisions. However, accessing information can be challenging, particularly in fragile states and conflict zones.

3. How does the WHO overcome these challenges?

The WHO has developed several strategies to overcome the challenges it faces. Some of these strategies include:
* Building partnerships: The WHO works closely with other international organizations, governments, and civil society groups to leverage resources and expertise.
* Innovation: The WHO is constantly exploring new technologies and approaches to improve its work. For example, the organization is using artificial intelligence to predict and track disease outbreaks.
* Capacity building: The WHO invests in building the capacity of health systems in member states, particularly in fragile and conflict-affected states. This includes training health workers, strengthening laboratory and surveillance systems, and improving access to essential medicines.
* Advocacy: The WHO advocates for increased investment in health and the integration of health into broader development agendas. The organization also works to build public awareness and support for health issues.

4. What role does the WHO play in global health?

The WHO plays a critical role in global health. It provides leadership on health matters, shapes the global health research agenda, and sets norms and standards for health. The organization also provides technical assistance and capacity building to member states, and it works to mobilize resources for health. In addition, the WHO serves as a hub for coordination and collaboration on health issues, bringing together governments, civil society groups, and other stakeholders to work towards common goals.

5. How does the WHO collaborate with other organizations?

The WHO collaborates with a wide range of organizations to achieve its goals. Some of the key partners include:
* Member states: The WHO works closely with member states to support national health efforts and build capacity.
* International organizations: The WHO collaborates with other international organizations, such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank, and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
* Civil society groups: The WHO works with civil society groups, such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), to improve health outcomes and promote health equity.
* Private sector: The WHO collaborates with the private sector, including pharmaceutical companies and technology firms, to promote innovation and improve access to health services.

6. What is the WHO doing to address global health issues?

The WHO is

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